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1.
Sustainability ; 15(11):8502, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-20234454

Résumé

The large consumption of fast fashion brings many negative environmental impacts. Filipino consumers love and buy fast fashion because it is relatively cheap but trendy, and there are lots of fashionable designs to choose from. Despite the shortage in water supply and disposal issues of fast fashion, people still continue to purchase. The lack of awareness of consumers on sustainable fashion consumption led the researchers to conduct a study that aims to identify factors affecting Filipino consumers' buying decisions on fast fashion using the combined theory of planned behavior, elaboration likelihood model, and hedonic motivation. A total of 407 participants were gathered through a convenience sampling approach, and the data collected were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The result shows that attitude towards fast fashion is the highest contributing factor to purchase intention. While social media positively affects purchase intention, sustainability advocacy negatively impacts the consumers' intention to buy fast fashion. The awareness of sustainability leads to consumption reduction of fast fashion garments. Surprisingly, perceived product price and quality do not show a significant influence on purchase intention. Incorporating sustainability advocacy on social media may be a great strategy to encourage the sustainable consumption of fashion garments. The findings of this study could be a great tool to influence fashion companies and government institutions to promote sustainability awareness and transition marketing strategies to the sustainable consumption of fashion.

2.
Global Media Journal ; 21(62):1-6, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2324732

Résumé

Scenarios of scarcity, shortages, healthiness and scarcity are proposed to which HEIs would react, but with nuances according to the capacities of the areas of knowledge such as the case of health sciences and administrative economic sciences. [...]a Modeling is a mapping of the variables indicative of a behavior based on inclusion criteria such as the consensus of the literature regarding the SDG-6 and its observation in HEIs. [...]verifiability frameworks prevail in the biological and health sciences. [...]a comparison between different sources observing the same phenomenon generates the veracity of a data [9]. The IES only covers a few disciplines that respond to the development needs of the region, as well as the projected labor demand [10]. [...]the objective of this work is to contribute with empirical evidence to the SDG indicators: scarcity, drought, depletion, sanitation, purification, quality and floods [11].

3.
Journal of Water Supply : Research and Technology - AQUA ; 72(4):456-464, 2023.
Article Dans Français | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2326597

Résumé

Stormwater harvesting via managed aquifer recharge in retrofitted infrastructure has been posited as a method for resource augmentation in Cape Town. However, the existing guidelines on stormwater retrofits are technically inclined, occidental, and generally misaligned with the realities and socio-economic contexts of developing nations like South Africa. Water and urban practitioners from developing nations cannot just 'copy and paste' existing guidelines as different socio-economic dimensions and colonial histories typically hinder 'traditional' approaches. This paper assesses how a transdisciplinary team navigated these realities in a case study of a retrofitted pond in Mitchells Plain, Cape Town. A decolonial thinking framework was applied for reflection and thematic content analysis. The framework was used to unpack how the team encountered, addressed, and learned from the challenges during the retrofit process. The research team found that the retrofit process within a context of under-resourced South African communities can be viewed as developmental work with a strong emphasis on continuous community engagement. Thus, it is suggested that in the South African context, water practitioners should consider, at the fore, interaction with local communities, including awareness of racialised histories, to ensure projects are successfully implemented and completed.

4.
IUP Journal of English Studies ; 18(1):47-65, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2319209

Résumé

Through a detailed analysis of the visual imagery as well as the verbal mode of narration, in Sarnath Banerjee's Graphic narrative All Quiet in Vikaspuri, the study suggests that the water-deprived, post-apocalyptic world that Banerjee reflects, is a spitting image of the Anthropogenic water crisis in India. Drawing theoretical insights from Madhav Gadgil, Ramachandra Guha and Dipesh Chakrabarty, the paper attempts to suggest the "Great Indian Water Crisis" is fueled by "short-termism," increased corporate privatization of water, myopic government development policies and erection of dams and other capitalist structures. The paper also aims to uncover how sociopolitical "slow-violence" is rendered to the natural resources under the garb of "Vikas" (development) and privatization. By contriving the narrative around the quest for the river Saraswati, Banerjee draws attention to the ever-so-real issue of groundwater overextraction in India, leading to its dipping levels and in turn, depletion. Further, the paper argues that "intermediality" of graphic narration abets Banerjee to cater to "the representational challenges" of the Anthropocene.

5.
Health Science Journal ; 17(4):1-11, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2312222

Résumé

Within the framework of Sustainable Development, Social Work has established areas and fields of intervention around which social services have been developed, mainly those related to water care with respect to quality of life and subjective well-being, determinants of evaluation of public policies, environmental programs and attention strategies for migrant communities [4]. In this scheme, Environmental Social Work acts as a mediator of supply policies and civil demands considering the limitations of space, time and infrastructure, but the generality of its dimensions, categories and variables inhibit the analysis of the subjectivity inherent in the objective indicators. of sustainability. [...]it is necessary to delve into the psychological, cognitive and behavioral dimension, in order to be able to establish the needs, expectations, demands and individual or community capacities in the face of environmental crises and the shortage of water resources [5]. From This Nomenclature, It Is Possible To Notice That Sustainable Development Is A Central Issue Or Node That Involves Climate Change, Global Warming, The Greenhouse Effect And Carbon Emissions As Environmental Factors That Have A Direct Impact On The Quality Of The Environment. Air And Respiratory Health In Economically Developed Cities And Economies, But In Addition To Air Pollution, Water And Municipal Waste Problems Are Central Issues In The Economic And Urban Periphery Because The Natural Resources Of The Southern Hemisphere They Are Transformed Into Satisfiers For The Northern Hemisphere, As Is The Case Of Crude Oil And Its Derivatives [5].

6.
Buildings ; 13(4):921, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2295831

Résumé

Fluctuating building occupancy during the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to poor water quality and safety conditions in building water distribution systems (BWDSs). Natural disasters, man-made events, or academic institutional calendars (i.e., semesters or holiday breaks) can disrupt building occupant water usage, which typically increases water age within a BWDS. High water age, in turn, is known to propagate poor water quality and safety conditions, which potentially exposes building occupants to waterborne pathogens (e.g., Legionella) associated with respiratory disease or hazardous chemicals (e.g., lead). Other influencing factors are green building design and municipal water supply changes. Regardless of the cause, an increasing number of water management policies require building owners to improve building water management practices. The present study developed a Water Quality and Safety Risk Assessment (WQSRA) tool to address gaps in building water management for academic institutions and school settings. The tool is intended to assist with future implementation of water management programs as the result of pending policies for the built environment. The WQSRA was modeled after water management practices created for controlling water contaminants in healthcare facilities. Yet, a novel WQSRA tool was adapted specifically for educational settings to allow building owners to evaluate risk from water hazards to determine an appropriate level of risk mitigation measures for implementation. An exemplar WQSRA tool is presented for safety, facility, industrial hygiene, and allied professionals to address current gaps in building water management programs. Academic institutions and school settings should examine the WQSRA tool and formulate an organization-specific policy to determine implementation before, during, and after building water-disruptive events associated with natural or man-made disasters.

7.
ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering ; 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2294964

Résumé

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is a potentially promising small-scale approach to alleviate the water crisis in arid or semiarid regions. Inspired by the asymmetric structure of tillandsia leaves, a plant species native to semiarid regions, we report the development of a bioinspired composite (BiC) to draw moisture for AWH applications. With the advent of the post-COVID era, the nonwoven materials in used masks are discarded, landfilled, or incinerated along with the masks as medical waste, and the negative impact on the environment is inevitable. The nonwoven sheet has porosity, softness, and certain mechanical strength. We innovatively developed BiCs, immobilizing hygroscopic salt with a nonwoven mask for fast vapor liquefaction and using a polymer network to store water. The resulting BiC material manages to achieve a high-water adsorption capacity of 1.24 g g-1 under a low-moderate humidity environment and a high-water release ratio of ca. 90% without the use of photothermal materials, while maintaining high structural integrity in cyclic testing. © 2023 American Chemical Society.

8.
Water ; 15(6):1219, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2277432

Résumé

The emergence of COVID-19 has created many unanticipated changes globally, particularly in terms of the availability and use of water resources. This study aims to estimate the potential increase in global domestic water use, exclusively due to the handwashing requirement for COVID-19. To assess the potential increase in domestic water use, this study analyzed population and water use data of 175 countries. Based on WHO guidelines, the additional water required for handwashing per person per day was estimated to be 0.018 m3 and was integrated with water use and population data for the analysis. These findings reveal that if everyone washes their hands six times a day solely to prevent the spread of coronavirus, global domestic water use and total water use would increase by about 11.96% and 1.25%, respectively. Africa (23.88%), Asia (15.05%), Latin America, and the Caribbean (7.18%) are anticipated to have the most significant increases in domestic water use due to the increased handwashing. This is a concerning phenomenon because these nations are already experiencing water shortages, even before the pandemic. These results may aid these countries in achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6, by guiding stakeholders and decision-makers to take action to address the water resource management challenges posed by the unexpected rise in water use caused by events such as COVID-19.

9.
Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental ; 17(1):1-17, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2277062

Résumé

Objetivo: Este artigo objetivou realizar um levantamento sobre o saber popular acerca do serviço de esgotamento sanitário em municípios do estado de Pernambuco. Referencial teórico: Correspondeu a buscas na literatura científica, na legislação e em normas e dados técnicos de pesquisa social e de saneamento básico. Método: Devido à pandemia da Covid-19, a pesquisa foi feita de forma virtual, com o compartilhamento de um questionário eletrônico via mensagens de e-mail e de WhatsApp. Foi realizado o cruzamento das respostas da pesquisa com a qualificação dos participantes segundo os parâmetros do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Os dados foram confrontados com normativas e pesquisas científicas existentes sobre o tema. Resultados e conclusão: Foram consideradas as respostas de 251 participantes. Apesar de apenas nove terem formação acadêmica até o Ensino Fundamental, sendo esses moradores de bairros de baixa renda, observou-se que esse foi o grupo que mais lida com os problemas decorrentes da falta de saneamento básico, mais especificamente o esgotamento sanitário. Com isso, foi possível apontar as populações de comunidades mais carentes como o público mais prejudicado pelos problemas causados pela inexistência do sistema de esgotamento sanitário. Por fim, foram formuladas estratégias resolutivas para os problemas ora identificados. Implicações da pesquisa: Foi evidenciado que a participação social na formulação e na execução de serviços fundamentais à população como o saneamento básico é de suma importância para a sua eficácia. Originalidade/valor: Contribui, principalmente, no tocante à proposição de iniciativas estratégicas para a resolução das problemáticas decorrentes do mau funcionamento e/ou uso dos serviços de saneamento básico.Alternate abstract:Purpose: This article aimed to know the popular knowledge about sanitary sewage in relation to the socioeconomic profile of the participants. Theoretical framework: Corresponds to searches in scientific literature, legislation and standards and technical data on social research and basic sanitation. Method/design/approach: Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the survey was carried out virtually, with the sharing of an electronic questionnaire via email and WhatsApp messages. The survey responses were crossed with the qualifications of the participants according to the parameters of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The data were confronted with regulations and existing scientific research on the subject. Results and conclusion: The responses of 251 participants were considered. Although only nine had academic training up to Elementary School, these being residents of low-income neighbourhoods, it was observed that this was the group that most deals with the problems arising from the lack of basic sanitation, more specifically sanitary sewage. With this, it was possible to point out the populations of the poorest communities as the public most affected by the problems caused by the lack of a sanitary sewage system. Finally, resolving strategies were formulated for the problems now identified. Research implications: It mainly contributes with regard to the proposition of strategic initiatives to solve problems arising from the malfunction and/or use of basic sanitation services. Originality/value: It mainly contributes with regard to the proposition of strategic initiatives to solve problems arising from the malfunction and/or use of basic sanitation services.

10.
2022 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security, HST 2022 ; 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | Scopus | ID: covidwho-2275601

Résumé

Childcare, a critical infrastructure, played an important role to create community resiliency during the COVID-19 pandemic. By finding pathways to remain open, or rapidly return to operations, the adaptive capacity of childcare providers to offer care in the face of unprecedented challenges functioned to promote societal level mitigation of the COVID-19 pandemic impacts, to assist families in their personal financial recoveries, and to provide consistent, caring, and meaningful educational experiences for society's youngest members. This paper assesses the operational adaptations of childcare centers as a key resource and critical infrastructure during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Greater Rochester, NY metropolitan region. Our findings evaluate the policy, provider mitigation, and response actions documenting the challenges they faced and the solutions they innovated. Implications for this research extend to climate-induced disruptions, including fires, water shortages, electric grid cyberattacks, and other disruptions where extended stay-at-home orders or service critical interventions are implemented. © 2022 IEEE.

11.
Water Science & Technology ; 22(2):1503-1520, 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2286192

Résumé

As a novel market-based water-saving mechanism, the Water Saving Management Contract (WSMC) project faces interruption risk caused by emergencies like the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. An interruption risk assessment model of WSMC projects is established through a quantitative evaluation of the impact of emergencies on water users based on input-output theory. First, the concept of the interruption risk index (IRI) is defined as a function of the duration of enterprise shutdown (DES). Second, the DES is divided into two parts: the duration caused by COVID-19 and that under other types of emergencies. Third, the risk tolerance threshold is given to estimate the interruption result, and its different consequences are discussed. Finally, a WSMC project in China is taken as a case study, and its interruption risks are analysed. The results show that the IRIs of this WSMC in both 2020 and 2021 are theoretically greater than the risk tolerance thresholds, and the high pandemic prevention standards and conservative pandemic estimates are the main reasons for the above results. The model established in this study provides a reference for WSMC participants to deal with emergencies and provides the theoretical support for the extension of the WSMC.

12.
People and Nature ; 5(2):446-454, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2281568

Résumé

Managing social-ecological systems (SES) requires balancing the need to tailor actions to local heterogeneity and the need to work over large areas to accommodate the extent of SES. This balance is particularly challenging for policy since the level of government where the policy is being developed determines the extent and resolution of action.We make the case for a new research agenda focused on ecological federalism that seeks to address this challenge by capitalizing on the flexibility afforded by a federalist system of governance. Ecological federalism synthesizes the environmental federalism literature from law and economics with relevant ecological and biological literature to address a fundamental question: What aspects of SES should be managed by federal governments and which should be allocated to decentralized state governments?This new research agenda considers the bio-geo-physical processes that characterize state-federal management tradeoffs for biodiversity conservation, resource management, infectious disease prevention, and invasive species control.Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

13.
IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ; 1155(1):011001, 2023.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2247509

Résumé

The 4th International on Sustainable Agriculture and Environment – SAE 2022 has been organized by Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam with Co-organizers: Jenderal Soedirman University, Indonesia;Okayama University, Japan;and National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan. The Conference aims to provide an attractive platform for academics, scientists, researchers, experts, entrepreneurs, and students to express and discuss their interests in the emerging theme focusing on "Innovative Approaches in Agriculture in Adapting to Climate Change”. The Conference included four Keynote sessions and seven Parallel sessions with altogether 72 oral and 74 poster presentations from our honored national and international presenters during the period of 17 to 19 November 2022. Challenges and interventions in the current context affecting agricultural activities and food production and security such as climate change, shrinkage and degradation of land, water shortage, abnormality of weather, and environmental pollution, etc. along with the multifaceted crisis from the COVID-19 pandemic were presented and provide an overview in attempt to maintain sustainable agriculture and environment.We acknowledge our honor sponsors from DSM Nutritional Products Vietnam (DSM), TTC Group, The United States Forest Service in Vietnam (USFS), De Heus Vietnam LLC, Choong Ang Vaccine Laboratories (CAVAC), and Netherlands Universities Foundation for International Cooperation (NUFFIC) for their financial support and networking collaboration.The current proceedings collect 36 peer-reviewed papers on a wide of topics such as: Adapting agricultural production to climate change, Ecological health, and climate change, Trends and advances in food science and post-harvest technology, Socioeconomics in sustainable agriculture, Innovative technology in agriculture, Emerging issues in agricultural transformation and Recent advances in animal health and animal biosciences. To achieve this fruitful scientific outcome, we sincerely thank committee members, scientists, presenters, authors, reviewers, editors, and editorial assistants for their invaluable contributions. We all together have hard worked in delivering a well-organized conference and do hope it satisfactorily met the expectations. Special thanks go to IOP Publishing.List of Standing Organizing Committee, Organizing Committee, Proceeding Editor Board are available in this pdf.

14.
International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science ; 11(6):20-32, 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2058147

Résumé

This article intends to uncover the ongoing challenges that South African municipalities are confronted with in realizing SDG 6 (clean water and sanitation) and also explore common good governance principles for sustainable development To realize SDG 6, good governance principles should be promoted and pragmatically implemented. This is a conceptual article which assesses secondary data covering SDG 6 challenges and good governance principles. Existing literature was systematically reviewed from Google Scholar, online newsletters, and other databases from May-July 2022. Secondary data was analyzed using a Thematic Content Analysis (TCA> approach. The theoretical findings of this article show that there is growing concern about attaining SDG 6 due to the bad or weak governance practices in SA. In SA, progress on good governance has been encouraging, but challenges remain. Thus, this article recommends good and inclusive governance because, without it, SA will not achieve its socio-economic goals, like SDG 6. If SA is to achieve its development goals, it must establish mechanisms that promote constitutionalism, accountability, democracy, and good governance. Weak governance, which is characterized by corruption, bribery, mismanagement, and lack of public involvement, transparency, and accountability, should be addressed. SA should have sound governance that is responsive to community needs and fights toward the achievement of the localized SDGs.

15.
SciDev.net ; 2021.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1998707

Résumé

Speed read Jordanians face water rationing as sources dry up Farmers are advised to only plant on half their land Dams are less than half full [AMMAN] Jordanians face the country’s worse water shortage in almost a decade due to the combined effect of weak rainfall and water overuse during COVID-19 lockdowns. [...]we wasted water by providing farmers with large additional quantities of irrigation, above their approved quota.” See PDF] Duraid Mahasneh, president of the Association for the Sustainability of Water, Environment and Renewable Energysaid the water problem in Jordan is more political than geographical. “Since 1948, the kingdom has received refugees due to the conflicts in the region, and at a time when the kingdom’s water suffices two million people, the current population requires distributing it among 10 million,” he said.

16.
Energies ; 15(15):5697, 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1993964

Résumé

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of pollution control on industrial production efficiency in 31 provinces and cities in the Yellow River and Non-Yellow River basins in China from 2013 to 2017, using the methods of the directional distance function (hereinafter referred to as DDF) and the technology gap ratio (hereinafter referred to as TGR) in parallel, while taking the industrial production sector (labor force, total capital formation, energy consumption and industrial water consumption) and the pollution control sector (wastewater treatment funds and waste gas treatment funds) as input variables. Undesirable outputs (total wastewater discharge, lead, SO2 and smoke and dust in wastewater) and an ideal output variable (industrial output value) are taken as output variables. It is found that the total efficiency of DDF in the Non-Yellow River Basin is 0.9793, which is slightly better than 0.9688 in the Yellow River Basin. Among the 17 provinces and cities with a total efficiency of 1, only Shandong and Sichuan are located in the Yellow River Basin. The TGR values of 31 provinces, cities and administrative regions are less than 1, and the average TGR value of the Yellow River Basin is 0.3825, which is lower than the average TGR value of the Non-Yellow River Basin of 0.5234. We can start by improving the allocation of manpower and capital, implementing the use of pollution prevention and control funds, improving the technical level of industrial production, improving pollutant emission, and increasing output value to improve overall efficiency performance. This study uses the parallel method, taking the industrial production department and the pollution control department as inputs, to objectively evaluate the changes in industrial production efficiency and technology gap in the Yellow River and Non-Yellow River basins, which is conducive to mastering the situation of pollution control and industrial production efficiency, and provides the reference for SDG-6- and SDG-9-related policy making.

17.
Institute of Municipal Engineering of Southern Africa [IMESA] Magazine ; 2021(November), 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | Africa Wide Information | ID: covidwho-1970177

Résumé

AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT : South Africa's plastic recycling industry was severely challenged but delivered figures that are to be applauded. This is the opinion of South African National Bottled Water Association (SANBWA) CEO, Charlotte Metcalf, who listed the major challenges as ongoing load-shedding, water shortages and high labour costs and, of course, adapting to COVID regulations within the workplace (many recyclers were unable to operate at full capacity for several months due to social distancing norms). As a result, according to the latest figures (2020) released by the umbrella body representing the local plastics industry - Plastics SA, 461 500 tons of plastic waste were collected for recycling, of which 312 600 tons were successfully recycled back into raw materials

18.
Agriculture ; 12(7):913, 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1963661

Résumé

This study assessed problems associated with irrigation water provisions and the potential barriers to the adaptation of the interventions (soil moisture sensors, on-farm water storage facilities and the drip method) under rotational canal water distribution in Punjab, Pakistan. Three groups of stakeholders were individually surveyed during September–December 2020: (i) 72 farmers, (ii) 15 officials, and (iii) 14 academicians. We used descriptive statistical analysis, cross-tabulation and the Fisher test to explore the pattern of responses across the groups. The main problems in the canal water distribution system were expressed by the farmers as limited water allocation, while academicians were concerned mostly with inflexibility and officials indicated discussion among neighbors. According to the farmers’ responses, the conventional depth/interval of irrigation is flooding the field with water and observing the plants, indicating over-irrigation behavior. Moreover, the most important barriers in the adaptation of the interventions that were highly rated by the three groups were low awareness, lack of training and financial resources. Additionally, farmers’ education revealed a statistically significant influence on awareness of soil moisture sensors and water storage facilities, while large farm holders showed a positive relationship to conducting a joint experiment with scientists and farmers’ associations on part of their land to improve water use efficiency.

19.
Land ; 11(5):738, 2022.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1870681

Résumé

Recent studies highlight the fragility of the Mediterranean basin against climate stresses and the difficulties of managing the sustainable development of groundwater resources. In this work, the main issues related to groundwater management have been identified from the stakeholder’s perspective in the following four representative water-stressed Mediterranean areas: the coastal aquifer of Comacchio (Italy), the Alto Guadalentín aquifer (Spain), the alluvial aquifer of the Gediz River basin (Turkey), and the Azraq aquifer (Azraq Wetland Reserve, Jordan). This has been achieved by designing a methodology to involve and engage a representative set of stakeholders, including a questionnaire to learn their point of view concerning the current management of aquifer systems and their experience with the already available tools for groundwater resource management, such as monitoring networks and numerical models. The outcome of the survey has allowed us to identify both particular and common challenges among the four study sites and among the various groups of stakeholders. This information provides valuable insights to improve the transfer of scientific knowledge from the research centers to the authorities managing the groundwater resources and it will help to plan more effective research activities on aquifer management. The proposed methodology could be applied in other aquifers facing similar problems.

20.
ASHRAE Journal ; 62(6):72-74, 2020.
Article Dans Anglais | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-1863838

Résumé

At the time of this column's writing, public buildings across the country and around the world had been closed or were seeing low to no occupancy. Many states had issued "shelter in place" directives,1 and millions of Americans were working from home. The hospitality industry was hit particularly hard, seeing steep declines in occupancy and a rash of closures. Water stagnation causes several issues. Ordinarily, disinfectant levels in public drinking water can manage harmful bacteria in the distribution system and even help slow or stop its growth in buildings. However, during times of water stagnation, disinfectants can dissipate, leaving building systems vulnerable to increased pathogen growth. Maintaining good water quality, and therefore public health, is top of mind across the globe. It is critical for building owners, operators and water treaters to ensure that building water stagnation does not contribute to increased risk from L. pneumophila and Legionnaires' disease. There are several water management best practices to follow while public buildings have low or no occupancy.

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